Agentic AI vs. RPA: What Happens When Your Bots Start Thinking for Themselves

Agentic AI and classic Robotic Process Automation (RPA) both spare developers the drudgery of click-click-type-type work—but they do it in very different ways. RPA scripts replicate a user’s exact steps in a fixed UI, while agentic systems assemble little “digital teammates” that reason about a goal, call tools and APIs, and adapt as conditions change. Think of RPA bots as rule-following interns and agentic AI as colleagues who can plan and negotiate (occasionally ordering pizza without asking). Below is a developer-centric tour of the two paradigms: how they’re built, when they shine, and how the same business problem looks through each lens.

Quick definitions

IBM sums it up nicely: an agentic system “accomplishes a specific goal with limited supervision,” coordinating multiple sub-agents via orchestration layers. IBM

Architectural patterns & frameworks

RPA stacks

• Drag-and-drop studios (UiPath Studio / Assistant) generate workflows that replay mouse/keyboard events and screen-scrape DOM coordinates. UiPath
• Open-source path: Robot Framework + rpaframework libraries provide a keyword DSL in pure Python. rpaframework.org
• Strengths: No API required; deterministic; audits are easy.
• Watch-outs: Fragile when layouts change; limited to what’s on-screen; brittle error handling; Gartner now groups RPA with other tools under “BOAT” (Business Orchestration & Automation Technologies) precisely because customers crave more adaptive behavior. Gartner

Agentic stacks

• LangChain Agents / LangGraph – plan-and-execute, ReAct and multi-agent templates. LangChain
• CrewAI – lightweight, role-playing multi-agent orchestration that’s independent of LangChain. GitHub
• Microsoft AutoGen + Semantic Kernel – converging toward a single enterprise-ready runtime for distributed teams of agents. Microsoft for Developers
• Public-sector view: The UK government describes agentic workflows as “autonomous AI agents [that] manage, coordinate and execute tasks within business processes,” highlighting dynamic task decomposition and continuous adaptation. GOV.UK

Because agents can call functions, search, and even spin off other agents, they’re resilient when the environment shifts—at the price of complexity, observability challenges and higher LLM bills.

Side-by-side: solving invoice processing

The business need

Finance wants to capture PDFs from email, extract line items, post to SAP, and notify AP staff of any mismatches.

1. Agentic AI approach

# Simplified example using LangChain and CrewAI-style roles
from langchain.agents import initialize_agent, load_tools
from langchain.chat_models import ChatOpenAI

llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini")

tools = load_tools([
    "email_reader",      # reads inbox
    "pdf_parser",        # extracts structured data
    "sap_api",           # posts invoices
    "slack_notifier"     # sends alerts
])

agent = initialize_agent(
    tools=tools,
    llm=llm,
    agent_type="multi_step_react",
    verbose=True
)

agent.run("Process today’s invoices, flag anything that doesn’t match PO amounts.")

The agent plans: “Fetch PDFs → extract values → call sap_api.post_invoice() → if delta > $10, notify Slack.”
It retries with different extraction prompts when confidence is low, learns vendor templates over time, and can hand over to a human if governance rules demand it. Microsoft reports adoption of such multi-agent patterns doubling year-over-year. Business Insider

2. RPA approach (Robot Framework snippet)

*** Settings ***
Library    RPA.Email.ImapSmtp
Library    RPA.PDF
Library    RPA.SAP

*** Tasks ***
Invoice Processing
    Open Imap Mailbox    server=imap.office365.com    account=ap@acme.com
    ${pdfs}=    List Messages    criterion=UNSEEN SUBJECT "Invoice"
    FOR    ${msg}    IN    @{pdfs}
        ${file}=    Save Attachment    ${msg}    pattern=*.pdf
        ${data}=    Get Text From PDF    ${file}
        # parse data with regex ...
        Sap Logon
        Sap Post Invoice    ${parsed_amount}    ${vendor_id}
        IF    ${status} != "OK"
            Send Mail    to=ap-team@acme.com    subject=Invoice Error    body=${status}
        END
    END

The robot mirrors the exact UI flow SAP expects and succeeds as long as fields stay in place. UiPath’s own demo shows the same pattern with drag-and-drop activities. UiPath

Key contrast

Benefits & trade-offs at a glance

• RPA wins when you have legacy UIs with no APIs, low-variance processes, strict audit needs, and limited ML skills. McKinsey still forecasts healthy RPA growth for such back-office work. Appvizer
• Agentic AI wins in environments with many edge cases, external APIs, or tasks that benefit from reasoning—“digital teammates” that proactively solve problems, as The Economic Times notes. @EconomicTimes
• Hybrid “BOAT” platforms: Vendors now bundle both, orchestrating agents and bots side-by-side. Gartner’s 2025 talk labels this convergence the future of automation. Gartner

When to choose what (and how to sound smart in meetings)

1. Start with RPA for the deterministic 80 %—get fast ROI and clean data pipelines.
2. Layer agentic capabilities where rules break down: unstructured docs, customer emails, exception handling. UiPath’s own blog frames this as “it takes two to tango.” UiPath
3. Instrument everything—observability is non-negotiable once agents make decisions autonomously (UK GOV cautions about transparency). GOV.UK
4. Govern for safety—autonomy without guardrails is Friday-night deploy material. IBM lists reward hacking scenarios every architect should threat-model. IBM

Final thoughts

RPA is your trusty screwdriver; Agentic AI is a Swiss Army knife with self-sharpening blades. Both belong in a modern automation toolbox. Pick the one that matches the job—then let your bots (or agents) do the boring stuff while you tackle the fun, human problems. And if the agents start ordering extra cheese pizza on company card… well, at least they had the initiative.

‍

Cohorte Team

May 20, 2025